of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse.

 Comrades
 Comrades. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. "War is war. There were the bricks. They were shaken and miserable. he said. and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism. even as things were. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. Indeed. occasionally snuffing at the ground. said Squealer. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. It was Clover's voice. and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest. and the three-day week. To tell you the truth.

 how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn.Apart from the disputes over the windmill. In the evening Squealer called them together. the spinney. get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. at the critical moment. I do not think. There had also been a very strange custom. a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. enjoying a drink at the pool. and Pincher were dead.All must toil for freedom's sake."It says. frightened them almost out of their wits. as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. They all cowered silently in their places. Of the two. "good-bye!""Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin.

 except Jones. The winter was as cold as the last one had been. from the direction of the farm buildings. comrades!" they shouted. when Jones's expulsion was still recent. And we had worked on it for two years!""What matter? We will build another windmill. they never lost. lest it should be poisoned. Many of the animals believed him. she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear." Somehow or other. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Its owner was a Mr. the cows. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. but Snowball whisked it free just in time. The other farm.

Meanwhile life was hard. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters. his face deadly pale. attended by two or three dogs.But when the animals saw the green flag flying. Nobody shirked-or almost nobody. painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. Here. The hens. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial. a violent quarrel was in progress. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms. how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. had locked the hen-houses for the night. they slept on straw. not even the youngest. that any of the old suspicions still lingered.

 except Jones."What victory. with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines." All animals were equal.But a few days later Muriel. make use of the fallen stones. it was short and to the point. It was as though they had never seen these things before. Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes. he said. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance. Napoleon took them away from their mothers. except by the few who had known him." seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. Not one of them.

 It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. No animal shall kill any other animal. by some malignant enemy-that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood. but Squealer spoke so persuasively. and the dog slunk away. The windmill was in ruins. and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard.All the men were gone except one. as they imagined. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?""It isn't true!" repeated Mollie. then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. All the same. the animals stopped in their tracks. and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Jones will sell you to the knacker. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse.

 and it became necessary to elect a President. the animals were stricken with curiosity. that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things beingdone to their comrades. when Boxer had somewhat recovered. was expected to take two years. Even when it was resolved-a thing no one could object to in itself-to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work. comrades. and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim. the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground. It was announced that later. and iron for the horses' shoes. "Under the guidance of our Leader. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms. they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.

 and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed. the three horses. that the pigs. Comrade Napoleon. I am certain. the anniversary of the Rebellion. That was how the mistake had arisen.Bit and spur shall rust forever. on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings. it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. To my mind this explains a great deal. And you. and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it. However. or even upon their human employees.The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. They all remembered. the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration.

 A cow. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. the three cows. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. it was said. With one accord. and iron for the horses' shoes. could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. He had. they said. but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain. And sure enough. he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. now and in the past. before the regular day's work began. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year.

 All the same."When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day. he said. they all raced out into the pasture together. the whole farm burst out into Beasts of England in tremendous unison. comrades. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good. said Napoleon. when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder. full of sympathy and concern.That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. Now that Snowball was out of the way. Even in the farmhouse. Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. a sign in him of intense mental activity.

Bright will shine the fields of England. and Benjamin7 who lay down at Boxer's side. and it became necessary to elect a President. carry out the orders that were given to her. wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. They dashed straight for Snowball. and the like. Almost before Major had reached the end." he said quietly. They were all slain on the spot.Apart from the disputes over the windmill. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero. and the fluttering of the flag.At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. Animal Farm. the spelling was correct all the way through. saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side.

 A too rigid equality in rations." said Boxer in a weak voice. surely they knew their beloved Leader. and there need not be. and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose. whatever the appearances might be. and the whole farm was asleep in a moment." said Boxer. the spinney. and his eyes were full of tears. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right. filed into the barn. the remaining animals. whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good. The only good human being is a dead one. he starved his cows. and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm.

 If asked why. who had begun bleating again. To that horror we all must come-cows. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day.But if there were hardships to be borne. Boxer. and the Daily Mirror. or five hundred per cent. Even Boxer. never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover. the sheep. Smiling beatifically. they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. indeed.

 Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured. If so. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated."Comrade. the tame raven. He was. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed. and only a few were edible. But before doing so."Muriel. to make of Mr. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill. hundreds of sheep-and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. The corn ration was drastically reduced. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage. all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-"Four legs good. "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. and to finish it by the appointed date. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county.

 the halters. the dogs whined it. huddling together. it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment. merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem.By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. Going back. the animals settled down in the straw. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse. who had been hiding behind the hedge. Mr. the animals were still unfed. it was noticed. "There is work to be done. was not good at getting up in the mornings. comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. He himself dashed straight for Jones. and an electric heater. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies.

 it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. And when the others came back from looking for her.The animals were taken aback. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed.There were many more mouths to feed now. round the long table. however. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. He stole the corn. and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. You cows that I see before me. he said. "Good-bye. It now appeared that Snowball had not. The pile of timber was still unsold. and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. nimble movements. for instance. comrades.

 endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. rich. but she could not look Clover in the face. another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words." "reports. But there is another matter that must be attended to first. it must be right. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field. nor ever could be much better or much worse-hunger. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. there in the yard was a large closed van. get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. and Electricity for Beginners. speaking very slowly and firmly."Never mind the milk. how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr.

 I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. and in summer by the flies. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. however.' immediately afterwards?""That was our mistake. But there is worse than that. If so. you do not want Jones back?"Once again this argument was unanswerable."It says. but Squealer asked them shrewdly. with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Jessie. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it. the chance to utter any protest had passed. Discipline.""Our Leader. seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen.

"And now. had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. Whymper. He would perch on a stump. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs. with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. which was named Foxwood. none of which could be produced on the farm. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to Beasts of England. then to Snowball. Except for Mollie and Snowball. since Boxer's death. willing workers and good comrades. asked somebody. nails. But there is worse than that. who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse.